(_15)+Geometric+and+Physical+Optics

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__Plane Mirror__ di = distance of image from mirror do = distance of object from mirror hi = height of image ho = height of object


 * We see light as if it travels in a straight line

__Law of Reflection__ Ѳincidence= Ѳreflection Image retrieved from: www.physicsclassroom.com __Images formed by plane mirrors__ *think about __your__ image in a mirror 1. Image is upright (as opposed to inverted) 2. Image is the same size as the object (image is neither magnified nor reduced) hi/ ho = 1 3. Image is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it do=di __How to draw an image__  Use at least 2 light rays originating from a point on the object and find where the reflected rays converge (meet). This point will be where the same point on the image appears to be. __Why is an image formed? __ Image retrieved from: www.physicsclassroom.com __Is the image real or virtual?__
 * Virtual **- not created by actual light rays (just projections of real light rays)
 * Real **-formed by actual light rays

· Focal point- when light rays parallel to the principle axis reflect off a curved mirror, they will converge at the focal point __Convenient Light Rays__ · p-ray =parallel then through focal point · f-ray= through focal point then parallel · m-ray= middle
 * (1/do) + (1/di) = (1/f) **
 * M= (hi/ho) = (-di/do) *M= magnification **
 * f = R/2 **

1) __Concave Mirror__ a. Object is outside the focal point Image is… Inverted, reduced, real

<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">b. Object is inside the focal length Image is… Upright, magnified, virtual

<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">2) __Convex Mirrors (Diverging Mirror)__ Image is… Virtual, upright, reduced

<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> 1) __Double Convex Lens (Converging Lens)__ <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">a. Object outside focal length Image is… Inverted, magnified, real
 * focal length is negative because the focal point is opposite the side of the reflective surface
 * any measurements behind the mirror will be negations
 * FOCAL LENGTH WILL ALWAYS BE NEGATIVE FOR DIVERGING LENSES AND MIRRORS

<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">b. Object within focal length Image is… Upright, magnified, virtual <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;">2) __Double Concave Lens (Dverging Lens)__ Image is… Virtual,reduced, upright

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">__Refraction__ <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> The “bending of a wave when it travels from one median to another at an angle (this bending occurs as waves travel at different speeds in different media) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">__Index of refraction (n)__ <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> A measure of how optically dense a material is. nvacuum=1.000000 nair=1.0003 <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">__speed of light in a medium__ <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> vn=c/n *c= 3x108 m/s <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">__Snell’s Law__ <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> n1sinΘ=n2sinΘ <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;">1. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">__n1< n2__ <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> - light will bend toward the normal <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;">2. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">__n1>n2__ <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> – Light will bend away from the normal Note that the light will bend towards the direction that the arrow in the <> is pointing to. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">__Critical angle__ <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">: angle of incidence such that the angle of refraction is 90°

In this scenario all of the light is reflected within the water, such that none escapes to the air.


 * __SOURCES__**